Siendo una nota característica de la UE su configuración como sistema casi federal que se acompaña de técnicas de cooperación avanzadas, el estudio empírico de los modelos de integración existentes en algunos Estados de corte federal puede ser de gran ayuda como experiencia de aprendizaje...

The harmonization of criminal law and procedure is still in its infancy within European Union law and so the relationship between the commercial framework of intellectual property and the criminal enforcement of its standards remains an unsettled and unsettling adolescence. The Proposal for a...

In this text, I question the current ambiguity and hypocrisy as to member state centered regulations for gambling services. It is time to move beyond the state borders and implement a transnational EU gambling regulation, made adequate and effective with the help by strong national gambling...

In dealing with telecom operator and internet mergers in the late 1990s the European Commission adopted a pessimistic view of competition based on the then emerging theory of network effects. This paper takes a short and critical look at the Commission's use of network effects theory, and its...

This paper analyzes the first 13 cartel decisions of the European Commission under its 2006 revised fining guidelines. I find that the severity of the cartel fines is more than five times higher than those figured under the previous 1998 Guidelines. For the first time in antitrust history, I...

During the last decades of the 20th century, after the end of the Cold War, a process of increasing rates of globalisation has developed in the world leading to, among other effects, the intensification of economic, ideological, political, cultural and multiple social consequences (Kacowiks...

On 1 September 2006, the European Commission published new Guidelines on the method it will use when setting fines for undertakings that have infringed the competition rules laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. This paper discusses the questions what the purpose is of guidelines,...

The EC antitrust prohibitions are regularly invoked in private litigation as a shield. Private parties also play an important role in public antitrust enforcement through complaints to the competition authorities. However, in marked contrast with the situation in the US, private actions for...

International cartelists today face antitrust investigations and possible fines in a score of national and supranational jurisdictions. This paper aims at providing quantitative information about the size and impacts of international cartel activity in Asia and uses a sample of modern private...

This article analyzes the first 22 cartel decisions of the European Commission under its 2006 revised fining Guidelines. I find that the severity of the cartel fines relative to affected sales is about double that of the fines decided under the previous 1998 Guidelines. Severity varies only...