The European countries are highly dependent on energy imports, making them vulnerable to international geopolitical threats. In this context, improving energy efficiency emerges as a cost-effective solution. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of geopolitical risk...

As a result of the Russian attack on Ukraine, natural gas prices skyrocketed in 2022 and Germany in particular felt the impact of its strong dependency on Russia. Prices have since relaxed, the European natural gas industry has overcome the uncertainty due to the energy crisis in 2022, and the...

Russia's fullscale invasion of Ukraine since 24 February 2022 has not shaken France's security policy as fundamentally as it has Germany's. France sees its previous goals confirmed, particularly in terms of strengthening Europe's strategic sovereignty. Nevertheless, it has been adapting in many...

The European Emissions Trading System is a cornerstone of the EU climate policy and its development is set until 2030. However, it is unclear what will happen afterwards. This policy brief compares three different scenarios: Rapid Decarbonization, 2050 Climate Neutral and a Break scenario. The...