Resource allocation to and within defense budgets is grand strategy. NATO and the EU coordinate defense planning and encourage fair burden-sharing among their members. We analyse the effect of agreed planning processes, namely the ‘NATO Defence Planning Process (NDPP)’ on the conversion of...

The goal of this paper is twofold. First, to review the existing body of knowledge dealing with the questionable convergence of Eastern European countries as a possible consequence of both the transfer of selected Western formal institutions to those countries and the adoption of the acquis...

While broad economic sanctions have long been used as instruments of foreign policy, targeted sanctions focusing on specific individuals, entities, and transactions are relatively new and less understood. We present a model of firm performance under sanctions where the target government may be...

This paper investigates the determinants of the different forms taken by regional integration in different parts of the world. This raises the issue of the relationship between economic and political integration. The theoretical model shows that, in an insecure world, the interplays between...