By reference to case-law and soft law in three jurisdictions (Canada, US and EU), this paper explores how courts and agencies carry out balancing exercises in the application of competition law. The paper identifies three approaches: utilitarian balancing, consumer welfare balancing, and...

This paper explores how EU competition law enforcement might be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Each section of this paper reviews how various components of EU competition law are impacted. The paper evaluates the state of play and, where relevant, it makes policy proposals for how...

In 1987, Richard Whish and Brenda Sufrin published an important comparison of EU and US antitrust law as applied to restrictive practices. They concluded that it would be unhelpful for the EU to borrow the language and the analytical framework developed in the US: the rule of reason is a phrase...