We propose a new specification test to assess the validity of the judge leniency design. We characterize a set of sharp testable implications, which exploit all the relevant information in the observed data distribution to detect violations of the judge leniency design assumptions. The proposed...

This is an introductory article which explains the importance of explicit consideration and modeling of causality, contrary to current econometric practice, in order to use data set for extraction of meaningful information. One of the easiest to understand approaches to causality is via...

The fundamental problem of external validity is not to generalize from one experiment, so much as to experimentally test generalizable theories. That is, theories that explain the systematic variation of causal effects across contexts. Here we show how the graphical language of causal diagrams...

The analysis of education systems should concern both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Such a comprehensive approach should create the possibilities of current state observation, progress evaluation and forecasts formulation. The results of the analysis may support the attempts at...

We introduce a class of interpretable tree-based models (P-Tree) for analyzing (unbalanced) panel data, with iterative and global (instead of recursive and local) split criteria. We apply P-Tree to split the cross section of asset returns under the no-arbitrage condition, generating a stochastic...

This is an introductory article which explains the importance of explicit consideration and modeling of causality, contrary to current econometric practice, in order to use data set for extraction of meaningful information. One of the easiest to understand approaches to causality is via...