moving south towards the four countries of interest of this paper (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Senegal and Togo). At the time of … writing, all except Ghana have experienced direct jihadist attacks, and all have reported extremist encroachment and recent … flows could be equivalent to between 1.3% (Ghana) and nearly 5% (Senegal) of GDP. Another pathway is through 'conflict …

international community, notably Togo’s African peers, the AU and ECOWAS, followed a ‘laissez-faire’ approach in the interests of … regional stability and their national interests in dealing with Togo. Economic growth remained stable at about 5% per annum …-faire" -Ansatz im Interesse der regionalen Stabilität und ihrer nationalen Interessen im Umgang mit Togo. Das Wirtschaftswachstum …

regimes' propensity to change towards democratization and economic prosperity. They took Togo as model to test their approach … basic data deficiencies. It is open to question, whether Togo's expected economic consolidation and growth will be due to …