military engagement in the Sahel and incoherent relations with autocratic governments. The involuntary military withdrawal … first from Mali (2022), from Burkina Faso (2023) and finally from Niger (announced for late 2023) marks a historic turning …

Extremist activities and violence in the centres of conflict in the Sahel (i.e. Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger) are … increases in refugees, especially from Burkina Faso. The Sahel conflict may affect economic performance in the focus countries … humanitarian disaster is in Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso, impacts on focus countries may be transmitted through economic links (e …