This paper is about 40 sovereign nations, spread across Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. All are at the lower or lowest ranks of social and economic development. All need infusions of technologic and other know-how. A major subset of all poor or emerging countries their commonality with all its...

This paper discusses India's institutionalized technology transfer (TT) policies and practices and examines their impact on economic development. The paper is organized chronologically. The pre-independence era is sub-organized into: early history and British colonial period. The...

This paper discusses India's post independence technology transfer (TT) policies and practices and examines their impact on economic development. It then juxtaposes similar findings for two other countries - Turkey and Israel. All three gained independence in the 20th century. At independence...

The policies of the Ottoman Empire and of its successor the republic of Turkey, have always considered technology transfer (TT) from abroad to be an important means for development. In late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire transferred some technology to improve its army. Contemporaneously there...

Until 1948 the year Israel gained independence from Britain, its land was mostly barren, sparsely populated, and its agriculture performed by small communes of inexperienced farmers. Its manufacturing was cottage industry in format. Over the years, Israeli universities and institutes have...