Formal identification is a prerequisite for development in the modern world. The inability to authenticate oneself when interacting with the state — or with private entities such as banks inhibits access to basic rights and services, including education, formal employment, financial services,...

Data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys show that indirect costs (related to infrastructure and services) account for a relatively high share of firms' costs in poor African countries and pose a competitive burden on African firms. We estimate firm-level revenue and value-added functions for...

Gelb, A.: China's reforms in the wider context of transition. - S. 1-15. Sinton, J. E. ; Fridley, D. G. ; Dorian, J.: China's energy future. The role of energy in sustaining growth. - S. 17-43. Swaine, M. D.: Chinese military modernitation. - S. 45-65. Banister, J.: China: population dynamics...