violence against civilians, but over time there was a decrease. We also find that COVID-19 had an early demobilising effect vis …-à-vis protest and mob violence, a consequence of lockdowns and mobility restrictions. Yet, protest has quickly returned to pre …

Violence against women, recognized globally as a fundamental human rights violation, is widely prevalent across high …-, middle-, and low-income countries. Violence against women has significant economic costs in terms of expenditures on service … formation. The paper makes a major contribution to the discussion of economic implications of intimate partner violence (IPV …