fertility pressures on women, which favored late female marriages already in the pre-industrial era. The resulting family and … household patterns placed women into a better position to struggle for more gender equality during the subsequent transitions …-condition predict differences in pre-industrial female marriage ages, which in turn explain differences in gender equality today. The …

and family policies are correlated with women's lower relative destitution. These findings evaluate the impact of neo … adjustment and global market integration may exacerbate women's vulnerability even when they are well equipped with human capital …

We develop a framework for quantifying barriers to labor force participation (LFP) and entrepreneurship faced by women … women entrepreneurs. However, there is one area in which female entrepreneurs have an advantage: the hiring of female …. Counterfactual simulations indicate that removing all excess barriers faced by women entrepreneurs would substantially increase the …

the long run. Among the many plausible mechanisms through which inequality between men and women affects the aggregate … economy, the role of women for fertility decisions and human capital investments is particularly important. Yet, we believe …

specifications. The findings of this paper support the long-standing view that women empowerment contributes to the reduction of …

female employment. In general, women experience both marriage and child penalties, but their relative importance depends on … sizable child penalties: men and women follow parallel trends before parenthood, but diverge sharply and persistently after … gender inequality. Because parenthood is often tied to marriage, we also investigate the existence of marriage penalties in …

Two centuries ago, in most countries around the world, women were unable to vote, had no say over their own children or … property, and could not obtain a divorce. Women have gradually gained rights in many areas of life, and this legal expansion …, we distinguish between four types of women's rights--economic, political, labor, and body--and document their evolution …