democracy, where the government reacts both to voting and lobbying activities of workers and pensioners. While an …

We consider the empirical relevance of two opposing hypotheses on the causality between income and democracy: The … Democratic Transition claims that rising incomes cause a transition to democracy, whereas the Critical Junctures hypothesis … as instruments for modern income levels, and find a large long-run causal effect of income on the degree of democracy …

There are two innovations in the paper as compared to the previous literature on democracy and growth. First, we … consider not only the level of democracy, but also changes in this level in the 1970s-1990s as measured by increments of … Freedom House political rights indices. Second, the distinction is made between democracy and law and order (order based on …