Purpose - Considering the continuous rise in the public debt stock of developing countries (particularly Ghana) with the unstable economic growth rate for the past decades and the recent borrowing because of the impact of COVID 19, this paper aims to examine the causal relationships between...

Using a panel cointegration approach, this study examines the relationship between aggregate consumption and GDP in colonial Malaya (1900–39) and post-independence Malaysia (1970–2009). The findings suggest that private consumption and GDP are cointegrated across the two forty-year periods,...

Domestic product covers different indicators of national accounts with a focus on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the standard measure of the value of final goods and services produced by a country during a period minus the value of imports. While GDP is the single most important indicator...