This paper investigates the deindustrialization process in Germany and Spain from 1995 to 2018. It is argued that the …

endowments and productivity, relative factor costs emerge as a source of real-income variation across countries. These are shaped … "residual" productivity required to explain the observed per-capita income differences by more than one half. …

, technology, and intensity factors on the evolution of employment in Spain, combining gender, skill, sectorial, and temporal …