case of the Stasi in East Germany. Exploiting regional variation in the number of spies and administrative features of the … institutional trust in post-reunification Germany. We also find substantial and long-lasting economic effects of Stasi surveillance …, resulting in lower income, higher exposure to unemployment, and lower self-employment. …

The literature on unemployment has mostly focused on labor market issues while the impact of capital formation is … appropriation model, the estimated values for the long-run elasticities of substitution between capital and labor for Germany and …

fundamentals of the economy negatively and imply low growth and high unemployment. An empirical index is constructed. In the period …