, and this question has gained critical importance particularly in the African context, where a wave of democratization in …

Macroeconomic costs of conflict are generally very large, with GDP per capita about 28 percent lower ten years after … conflict onset. This is overwhelmingly driven by private consumption, which falls by 25 percent ten years after conflict onset …. Conflict is also associated with dramatic declines in official trade, with exports (imports) estimated to be 58 (34) percent …

The impact of conflict on taxation and development has long been debated. Most studies suggest that conflict will have … existing literature, we argue for an approach that recognizes conflict's nuanced effects on taxation. We show how violence can …