While mainstream economics assumes that firms are always on the production frontier, there is an evolutionary interpretation of competition according to which firms have different degrees of what Leibenstein (1964) called quot;X-efficiency,quot; and competition selects for higher X-efficiency....

Tax practitioners, in performing their transfer pricing duties and determining the split in intercompany profits between related parties, will need to rely on third-party financial statements to determine an arm's length range attributable to various related parties. This article focuses on how...

It is being repeatedly theorized that most of Arabic countries are still have long road for development. Classified as developing countries they should be requiring improvements in their economic performance parameters and the behavior of their productive variables. However, Iraq was a unique...