International Monetary Fund and the World Bank during the COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine war crises. …This report analyses the role that external shock financing can play in addressing the adverse impacts of external … shocks in L&MICs. It summarises the growth impact of external shocks, maps out existing external shock financing facilities …

-wide studies utilising econometric modelling techniques. The studies examine the transmission channels of the impact of the Russia-Ukraine … heavily on Russia and Ukraine for food and fertiliser imports. …

The paper emphasizes the transition in Russia and the role institutions played before and during the process. In Russia … underlying reforms. This practice should function as a shock therapy. Hence, the approach should leave no other chance than an … recovered and partly achieved their pre-1991 levels at the end of the last decade. The paper depicts Russia's reform efforts and …

What is the relative importance of Russia and Western European countries on Central and East European and Baltic (CEE … effects of a growth and trade shocks coming out of Russia and three major Western European countries (i.e. Germany, France and … take account of the financial crisis of 2007-08 and the recent economic sanctions on Russia. The results show that growth …