This paper discusses the development of Keynes's ideas about monetary theory in the context of the consequences of Britain's return to the gold standard (opposed by Keynes) in 1925 and his initial unsuccessful attempt to develop a comprehensive theory of macroeconomic fluctuations in his...

Happiness sums up people's attainments from living. Economics is concerned largely with prosperity as the material contributor to happiness. Prosperity is a relative term rather than an absolute one. Prosperity level can be defined as the feasible material standard of living that an economy can...

The paper describes the monetary and fiscal policy frameworks in Sweden and analyses how they were established as well as current challenges. Sweden provides a good example of how deep economic crisis, in interaction with independent thinking by academics and other experts as well as policy...

Die Unabhängigkeit der Zentralbank war nicht schon immer ein institutionelles Dogma. Eucken sprach sich beispielsweise vor der Gründung der Bundesbank dafür aus, das angestrebte Ziel Preisniveaustabilität mit einer Regelbindung zu erreichen. Dass die deutsche Bundesbank dann unabhängig...

The paper summarises the channels and mechanisms which lead to the emergence of macroeconomic imbalances in the EMU before, in and after the crisis of 2008/09. It focuses on the role of the specific institutional setting of the EMU in these developments and outlines the key reforms which are...

Actual policy decisions are made in real time and are not irrevocable, but most policy modeling has neglected these mundane factors. In an environment of uncertainty, the ability to switch policies adds an option value to the choice problem. This "option to wait" makes the incumbent regime...

This paper summarizes recent developments in the theory and practice of monetary policy in a closed economy and explains what these developments mean for U.S. Dollar policy. There is no conflict between what is appropriate U.S. monetary policy at home or abroad because the dollar is the world's...

This paper proposes a new approach to EMU governance and integration consisting of the following elements: (i) an optimal use of the existing EU institutional framework for economic, fiscal and financial policies is necessary and possible at each level of EMU integration that is politically...

The implementation of economic reforms under new economic policies in India was associated with a paradigmatic shift in monetary and fiscal policy. While monetary policies were solely aimed at "price stability" in the neoliberal regime, fiscal policies were characterized by the objective of...