This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

regulations are the driving forces of the shadow economy. Furthermore, the results show that the shadow economy reduces corruption … in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. Finally, the various estimation methods are …

micro-level decisions are related to each other. In micro empirical analysis, this interdependence of corruption decisions … can be addressed through the hierarchical modelling of corruption data. Exploiting a baseline sample of 34,358 bribe … contribution of five major determinants of corruption emphasized by the literature: the economic and human development levels, the …

This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

Corruption is pervasive, but we know little about its effects on individual lives. This paper examines whether living … since, as we show, it comes at the expense of cutting food consumption. These findings suggest that corruption is a …

In this paper we explore relationships between corruption perceptions and such characteristics as the size of shadow … countries. It is shown that irrespective of whether the economy is developed or transitional, negative dependence of corruption … the shadow economy passes 45%, the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ceases to respond to growth of …