This paper empirically studies the influence of firms’ independent research and development on productivity. It considers two R&D behaviors of firms: independent innovation and dependent imitation. We acquire data from 28 post-communist economies between 2017 and 2019, and innovatively create...

Although economists have long studied the impact of bribery on firms' development, the debate continues as to whether bribery ‘greases' or ‘sands' the growth of businesses. For this investigation, we acquired data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Survey conducted by the World...

We acquired firm-level data from 27 post-communist economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia during 2002–08, and we estimated financial constraints’ longitudinal impacts on firms’ innovating activities. Overall, we found financial constraints to significantly impede firms’ innovation...