minority-white income differences and the role cognitive skills play in those patterns. Some minority groups have substantially … the case of certain male groups, these differences play a significant role in explaining the observed income patterns. The … ethnic-white income gaps are, however, much smaller for women, and the literacy and numeracy variables do not have much of a …

In this paper, we investigate the extent to which Canadians were exposed to low income during the 1993-1996 period. Our … main findings are the following. First, while 1 in 10 Canadians live in families with low income in a given year, as many … as 1 in 5 are exposed to at least one year of low income during a 4-year interval. Second, 1 in 20 Canadians are exposed …