Variation in treatment effects has important implications for education practice—and for facilitating the most efficient use of limited resources—by informing decisions about how best to target interventions and how to improve the design or implementation of interventions....

Pretest and post-test experimental designs are often used in randomized control trials (RCTs) in the education field to improve the precision of the estimated treatment effects. For logistic reasons, however, pretest data are often collected after random assignment, so that including them in the...

This paper examines the estimation of two-stage clustered randomized controlled trial designs (RCTs) in education research using the Neyman causal inference framework that underlies experiments. The key distinction between the considered causal models is whether potential treatment and control...

Variation in treatment effects has important implications for education practice—and for facilitating the most efficient use of limited resources—by informing decisions about how best to target interventions and how to improve the design or implementation of interventions....