This paper evaluates the effects of a reform that changed the school curriculum in Communist Poland by reducing the … school enrollment that lead to variation in the level of exposure to the reform. We find that the reform improved the …

and labour market outcomes in Poland. We document that the reduction of Marxist-Leninist indoctrination in school …. However, the political manipulation of the school curricula can give rise to indoctrination effects with counterproductive … curriculum after 1954 exerted long-lasting beneficial effects. Unlike in East Germany, the school reform after the fall of …

and labour market outcomes in Poland. We document that the reduction of Marxist-Leninist indoctrination in school …. However, the political manipulation of the school curricula can give rise to indoctrination effects with counterproductive … curriculum after 1954 exerted long-lasting beneficial effects. Unlike in East Germany, the school reform after the fall of …

students in Poland is estimated. The COVID-19-induced school closures lasted 26 weeks in Poland, one of Europe's longest …The effect of school closures in the spring of 2020 on the math, science, and reading skills of secondary school … future student earnings may amount to 7.2 percent of Poland's gross domestic product …

students in Poland is estimated. The COVID-19-induced school closures lasted 26 weeks in Poland, one of Europe's longest …The effect of school closures in the spring of 2020 on the math, science, and reading skills of secondary school … future student earnings may amount to 7.2 percent of Poland's gross domestic product …