In 1998 the Norwegian government introduced a program that increased parents' incentives to stay home with children … under the age of three. Many eligible children had older siblings, and we investigate how this program affected long …

formation of children. To this end, we exploit a nationwide reform that mandated Swedish municipalities to offer childcare … access for infants' older siblings, while parents were on parental leave to care for their infants. Survey data on childcare … effects on the children's 6th grade test scores, but we find evidence of positive effects on test scores for sons of less than …

, especially those of mothers with young children. This trend has triggered an intense debate about its implications for children …, on the other hand, parental employment reduces the amount of time parents spend with their children. …'s well-being and long-term educational outcomes. The overall effect of maternal and paternal employment on children …

adverse effect for children of low-educated mothers on human capital investments and labor-market attachment in early … difference-in-differences design and comparing the first-affected with the last-unaffected cohorts of children, we find that an … adulthood. The affected children were 12 p.p. more likely not to be in education, employment, or training (NEET) at the age of …

mothers spend with their children. Since the institutional context is one in which the alternative is subsidized day care, the …We study how the duration of paid parental leave affects the accumulation of cognitive skills among children. We use a … reform which extended parental leave benefits from 12 to 15 months for Swedish children born after August 1988 to evaluate …