. However, the political manipulation of the school curricula can give rise to indoctrination effects with counterproductive … and labour market outcomes in Poland. We document that the reduction of Marxist-Leninist indoctrination in school … curriculum after 1954 exerted long-lasting beneficial effects. Unlike in East Germany, the school reform after the fall of …

. However, the political manipulation of the school curricula can give rise to indoctrination effects with counterproductive … and labour market outcomes in Poland. We document that the reduction of Marxist-Leninist indoctrination in school … curriculum after 1954 exerted long-lasting beneficial effects. Unlike in East Germany, the school reform after the fall of …

education they receive. School enrollment rates have increased dramatically in developing counties since 1960, but many children … still leave school at a young age and often learn little while in school. This chapter reviews recent research on the impact …

language classes in compulsory school on students' subsequent educational choices in upper secondary school. Using … more foreign language classes during compulsory school has only minor effects on educational choices of the overall student … pronounced for students who do not speak at home the school's language of instruction. Finally, we find that female students who …

language classes in compulsory school on students' subsequent educational choices in upper secondary school. Using … more foreign language classes during compulsory school has only minor effects on educational choices of the overall student … pronounced for students who do not speak at home the school's language of instruction. Finally, we find that female students who …