I apply a novel approach to identify true rumors by using a United Kingdom regulation called “City Code on Takeovers and Mergers”. This very strict and fully enforced regulation forces firms which are mentioned in a takeover rumor to make a public statement on the truthfulness of the rumor...

In this letter, I exploit the high fraction of retail investors in the early years of the Bitcoin and the introduction of margin trading and short selling by the Bitcoin Exchange Kraken to apply a difference-in-differences approach with four other comparable Bitcoin exchanges to infer causality....