Legal certainty, a feature of the rule of law, constitutes a requirement for the operational necessities of market interactions. But, the compatibility of the principle of legal certainty with ideals such as liberalism and free market economy must not lead to the hastened conclusion that...

The principle of proportionality is at the cornerstone of EU law, and precisely of the case-law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Inspired by the different legal traditions of the Member States, the ECJ has developed the principle of proportionality to such an extent that the understanding...