The paper presents a comparative study of systems for withholding income tax on wages and identifies those that can be used in developing countries and countries in transition. The withholding system should be simple and reduce the need for return filing as much as possible. Collection of social...

The term ‘hard-to-tax' (HTT), in tax evasion literature, refers to farmers, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and professionals. However, research on the hard-to-tax in low and middle income countries (LMICs) has primarily focussed on farmers and SMEs. Professionals are rarely...

Tax administrations use machine learning to predict risk scores as a basis for selecting individual taxpayers for audit. Audits detect noncompliance immediately, but may also alter future filing behavior. This analysis is the first to estimate compliance effects of audits among high-risk wage...