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. We exploit firm-level panel data on product and process innovation activities in the United Kingdom and find that the … large, low-skill labor supply (immigration) shock generated by the 2004 expansion of the European Union to Eastern European … countries increased process innovation and reduced product innovation. This implies that the innovation response to labor supply …
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. We exploit firm-level panel data on product and process innovation activities in the United Kingdom and find that the … large, low-skill labor supply (immigration) shock generated by the 2004 expansion of the European Union to Eastern European … countries increased process innovation and reduced product innovation. This implies that the innovation response to labor supply …
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The immigrants' age structure and labour market situation are major determinants for their net contribution to the public sector. During the 50s, 60s and the 70s the immigrants' net contributions gave positive income effects for the native Swedes. Nowadays there are negative income effects due...
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