Wal-Mart has increasingly become the target of protests over its scale, manifested as contention over specific expansions. Often, the protests are local and led by local organizations, and as a result, chains face uncertainty whether local activists will organize a protest. We suggest that chain...

We consider how uncertainty influences the strategic interaction between companies and potential activists who would influence their operations. Our empirical context concerns Wal-Mart, which has increasingly become the target of protests over its scale, manifested as contention over specific...