We studied the relationship between collective involuntary and voluntary turnover over unit-level performance. Our unique dataset, consisting of panel data with 24-month observations for 232 stores of a large Spanish fashion retail company, enabled us to compare different time lags between the...

Whereas most previous studies of the effects of employee turnover on performance have used an aggregate measure of total turnover, this paper examines differences in the effects of collective involuntary and voluntary turnover. Analyzing 24-month observations for the stores of an apparel...