The rapid growth of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and their integration into network presents currently the greatest challenges for many network operators worldwide in terms of network stability and power quality. To meet these challenges not only huge investment in grid expansion and smart...

In 2000-2001 the California energy crisis cost billions of dollars and the blackouts endangered lives. The causes of the crisis were contested along partisan lines. Republicans (and neo-classical economists) argued that “a perfect storm” of increased demand and reduced supply triggered the...

Whereas a centralized model of electricity infrastructure is still dominant today, many scholars advocate the diffusion of distributed generation technologies, implying geographically dispersed and small-scale generation units located close to consumers. However, there exist various barriers of...