Improving electricity access in low-income countries is a challenging problem because of the high costs of grid … extension and low demand for grid electricity in rural areas. This study elucidates these constraints by analyzing poor … households' willingness-to-pay for different types of electricity access, including lower cost off-grid technologies. The …

In principle, portfolio optimization in electricity markets can make use of the standard mean-variance model going back … to Markowitz. Yet a key restriction in most electricity markets is the limited liquidity. Therefore the standard model …

measures on the hedging strategies. For motivation and application purposes hedging in electricity markets is chosen, because … to the German Electricity markets. …