This paper reviews the changes in the supply of electricity and gas from the perpective of households, utility operators, and the government. The objective is to highlight lessons from the reforms implemented and to apply them to the future reform program planned for the rest of the energy...

Russia's power system is enormous consisting of more than 200 gigawatts of generation capacity, most of it interconnected by 2.5 million kilometers of high-voltage transmission lines spanning an area only slightly smaller than the United States and Canada combined. In early 1997 the Russian...

Empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in Europe and Central Asia, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately...