electricity distribution illustrates the relevance of the problem. Finally, two alternatives, branch average cost yardstick …

In the second half of the 1980s, several electricity companies in developed countries incorporated the automation of … feasibility of a specific option crucially depends on the current operational and financial performance of the involved utilities … applying AMI or smart meters technology to a variety of customer management issues commonly found in public service utilities …

, private investments in captive substations emerge as a coping mechanism against unreliable electricity supply. Lastly, an …

Improving electricity access in low-income countries is a challenging problem because of the high costs of grid … extension and low demand for grid electricity in rural areas. This study elucidates these constraints by analyzing poor … households' willingness-to-pay for different types of electricity access, including lower cost off-grid technologies. The …