, private investments in captive substations emerge as a coping mechanism against unreliable electricity supply. Lastly, an …

Improving electricity access in low-income countries is a challenging problem because of the high costs of grid … extension and low demand for grid electricity in rural areas. This study elucidates these constraints by analyzing poor … households' willingness-to-pay for different types of electricity access, including lower cost off-grid technologies. The …

, connection rates and electricity consumption remain low in grid connected areas, at least in the short and medium run. This paper … of grid electricity over time using a panel of 41 communities that were electrified up to ten years ago. We find that …, connection rates are much lower, at 51%. Furthermore, electricity consumption and appliance usage are low and did not grow over …