Joskow, P. and others propose that, with the opening of retail electricity markets, distribution utilities should be … required to enable residential customers to buy at (averaged) wholesale spot market prices. They argue that retail electricity …

Residential retail competition in electricity supply was introduced in many countries and some US states as part of … electricity industry deregulation. Following problems in the electricity market in California in 2000/2001 many US states …’ willingness to switch suppliers and the potential for value added innovations. In electricity and industries such as pay-tv and …

, private investments in captive substations emerge as a coping mechanism against unreliable electricity supply. Lastly, an …

Improving electricity access in low-income countries is a challenging problem because of the high costs of grid … extension and low demand for grid electricity in rural areas. This study elucidates these constraints by analyzing poor … households' willingness-to-pay for different types of electricity access, including lower cost off-grid technologies. The …

, connection rates and electricity consumption remain low in grid connected areas, at least in the short and medium run. This paper … of grid electricity over time using a panel of 41 communities that were electrified up to ten years ago. We find that …, connection rates are much lower, at 51%. Furthermore, electricity consumption and appliance usage are low and did not grow over …