COVID-19 has brought about a substantial change in urban mobility, as well as an unprecedented increase in e-commerce throughout the world due to the emergence of new ways of shopping and consumption habits. In this context, urban logistics plays a crucial role in the triple bottom line of...

This study proposes a mathematical optimization model for a two-echelon location-routing problem in the last-mile delivery e-commerce environment. The e-commerce firm delivers each customer's demand at home or through delivery points. Customers could be unavailable when the vehicle arrives at...