Demand Response allows for the management of demand side resources in real-time; i.e. shifting electricity demand according to fluctuating supply. When integrated into electricity markets, Demand Response can be used for load shifting and as a replacement for both control reserve and balancing...

Due to the integration of intermittent resources of power generation such as wind and solar, the amount of supplied electricity will exhibit unprecedented fluctuations. Electricity retailers can partially meet the challenge of matching demand and volatile supply by shifting power demand...

The European Power Exchange (EPEX) introduced two new products in 2011 and 2014 which reduce the delivery duration of electricity from 1 hour to 15-min intervals. These changes to the market design aim to better reflect the intermittent power generation from renewable energy sources. However,...