Foreign exchange turnover evolves in a predictable fashion with increasing income. As income per capita rises, currency trading cuts loose from underlying current account transactions. In parallel, an increasing share of trading in the currency takes place outside the home country. At given...

Emerging and mature financial markets are more integrated today than at any time since the First World War. Net capital flows to emerging markets have yet to return to the levels of the mid-1990s and remain significantly below those reached a century ago. However, cross-border flows provide an...

Global liquidity has become a key focus of international policy debates, yet the term continues to be used in a variety of ways. This lack of precision can lead to potentially undesirable policy responses. In this feature, we attempt to clarify the concept of global liquidity, its measurement...

Since the Great Financial Crisis, emerging market economies have been more active in FX markets. As rising dollar debt and increased exposure to global financing flows have affected the demand and supply of foreign currency, financial stability has become an increasingly important motive for...

Financial sector foreign direct investment in emerging market economies has surged over the past decade. While the benefits of heightened financial sector efficiency and better risk management are widely acknowledged, foreign ownership poses challenges for host countries due to the migration of...