Economic measures are advanced to environmental problems in EU nations. The economic approach imposes a constant economic load on activities negatively affecting the environment, and it is also a technique for giving a constant profit for activities conserving the environment. The whole society...

Despite the increased attention and capital incentives around corporate sustainability, the development of sustainability reporting standards and monitoring systems has been progressing at a slow pace. As a result, companies have misaligned incentives to deliberately or selectively communicate...

Mankind must cooperate to reduce GHG emissions to prevent a catastrophic rise in global temperature. How can the necessary costs of reducing GHG emissions be allocated across regions of the world, within the next few generations, and simultaneously address growth expectations and economic...

This research studies whether the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol achieves its objective of emission reductions in the host countries. It empirically investigates the impacts of CDM projects on CO₂ emission reductions for 60 CDM host countries over 2005-10. This...

An increasingly widespread accounting practice for electricity (scope 2) emissions, known as the ‘market-based method’, is problematic as it allows companies to use purchased renewable energy attributes (REAs) to report lower emissions, which therefore no longer reflect the actual...

One of the key issues dominating the institutional investing industry is impact investing and the need to reduce carbon emissions (measured in Carbon Dioxide Equivalents or CO2e). Many investors have signed the Net Zero Asset Owner Alliance (NZAOA), which has specific goals and targets to be met...

"After the failure of the Copenhagen conference, climate finance has become the buzzword of international climate negotiations. A "fast-track" volume of 30 billion $ has been promised by industrialised countries for emissions mitigation and adaptation activities in developing countries. A...

Japan, a relatively energy-efficient country, has been active in combating climate change. Under the Kyoto Protocol, Japan is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 6% relative to 1990 over the period 2008-12. As of 2007, however, its emissions were up by 9%. Japan has relied...