The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlights the importance of reaching net-zero CO2 emissions globally by 2050. Unlocking the potential of natural climate solutions in the strive for net-zero emissions is increasingly gaining attention. A large potential may arise from the...

Electricity Decentralization in the European Union: Towards Zero Carbon and Energy Transition, Second Edition, examines progress in decentralization across the European Union (EU), with each chapter focusing on developments and innovations in a specific country. Sections provide an overview of...

This paper aims to calculate emissions in Ireland by applying a production-based Accounting (PBA) approach and a consumption-based Accounting (CBA) approach. PBA considers emissions in Ireland to be all emissions emitted in the geographic region of Ireland, whereas CBA includes all emissions...

There is a widespread consensus among the most important players in developed countries (voters, politicians, producers, traditional and green interest groups and bureaucracies) that a shift towards an eco-social market economy is essential for sustainable growth. Nevertheless, market-based...

This paper is concerned with the cost-effective allocation of habitat for endangered species under spatio-temporally heterogeneous economic development. To address the dynamic dimension of the problem we consider tradable development rights (TDR) as the instrument of choice. A particular...

Background: Global carbon stocks in forest biomass are decreasing by 1.1 Gt of carbon annually, owing to continued deforestation and forest degradation. Deforestation emissions are partly offset by forest expansion and increases in growing stock primarily in the extra-tropical north. Innovative...

To improve risk management in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), the European Climate Exchange (ECX) has introduced option instruments in October 2006 after regulatory authorization. The central question we address is: can we identify a potential destabilizing effect of the...

This paper provides an overview and early evaluation of the Lake Taupo nitrogen cap and trade programme, established as part of Waikato Regional Council's 2011 Regional Plan Variation Five. The policy establishes a catchment-wide cap on nitrogen losses by allocating farmers individual nitrogen...

At face value, the intentions of EU’s Directives {2003/87 to 2018/410} are good – limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as a way to combat global warming and avert dangerous climate change. However, the implementation of those Directives – specifically, the Emissions Trading System...

Global warming which is caused by Greenhouse effect due to carbonization - emission of carbon gas - has contributed to climate change that produces extreme weather. These pollutions have damaged the earth and threatening human lives. Thus, to keep the earth a safe place for people to live in...