Few countries have higher wage inequality than South Africa, where wages of African and white workers differ by a … factor of five. Using survey data collected in 1993, the authors analyze the complex effect of unions on this wage gap. Among … male African workers in the bottom decile of the wage distribution, union membership was associated with wages that were …

immigrants' wages are the lowest of all workers due to their ineligibility for unemployment benefits and lower wage bargaining …, resulting in gains in terms of both employment and wages for natives, which does not hold for documented immigration. Stricter … effect if it targets employed workers because this leads to a risk premium in their wages. Finally, I present empirical …