With the steady growth of global value chains (GVCs), each country's trade now has a more complex relationship with the international division of labor. We decompose the employment effects of a country's trade into five components, specifically the labour content (1) in exports, (2) in imports,...

We use factor content analysis to measure the employment effects of manufacturing trade expansion over 1978-1995 compared to a counterfactual of no manufacturing trade expansion for ten OECD countries. We find that trade brought a net "loss" of 3.3 million jobs, 2.0 million of these in the...