Ground-level ozone has been shown to have significant health consequences from short-term exposure, and as such has been regulated in the U.S. since the 1970s by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ozone is not emitted directly; instead formation occurs due to a complex, Leontief-like...

The petroleum refining sector is energy intensive and has been identified as one of the target industries for CO2 emissions control by China's emissions trading scheme. A detailed accounting of the cost of emissions reduction is of great significance for the petroleum refining sector to comply...