We test a new model where the entrepreneurial decision is described as a process of successive engagement levels, i.e., as an entrepreneurial ladder. Five levels are distinguished using nearly 12,000 observations from the 2004 “Flash Eurobarometer survey on Entrepreneurship” covering the 25...

The level of entrepreneurship differs considerably across countries and periods. Both thecauses and consequences of entrepreneurship are a matter of extensive scientific debate aswell as of great policy importance. A high level of entrepreneurial activity is assumed andshown to contribute to...

The relationship betwwen outcome status and encountered problems in the business start-up process is investigated. Contrary to expectations, we find that starter do not substantially differ from quitters in the number and type of problems encountered, and that problems encountered generally do...