, using panel data for 1,527 subnational regions in 83 nations from 1950-2014. This data structure allows us to exploit within …. Our results suggest lacking ocean access decreases regional GDP per capita by 10 - 13 percent. We then explore potential …-income relationship. Second, the income gap between landlocked and non-landlocked regions within the same nation widens as i) GDP per …

abundance on domestic output as well as the short-run (growth) effects. Thirdly, we make use of a non-stationary panel approach … which explicitly estimates the long-run relationships from annual data as opposed to the dynamic and static panel approaches …

convergence in real per capita GDP and inequality adjusted human development in 38 African countries, disaggregated into 10 …