This report analyzes the Bank's assistance to support pension reform to determine if the Bank's strategy was relevant and if it was followed. The evaluation assesses whether pension reform decisions reflected best practice guidelines at entry, and whether Bank-assisted reforms achieved their...

This paper analyses Egypt's social protection systems. It asks why poverty is so widespread and why – despite the country's numerous sophisticated social protection systems - social risks are a major contributing factor to poverty in Egypt. It concludes that reforms are due. The existing...

This article is based on field studies in rural West Africa. It concentrates on the socio-structural effects of development aid in the long run, in contrast to numerous available evaluation reports on the short-run effects of development projects. The study reveals that superficial...

This research purposes, a new area of research in economics, it is called Econochemistry. Econochemistry is using models and experiments from chemistry in economics. This new research field in economics can help to understand complex and dynamic economic phenomena from a Chemistry point of view....

This research purposes, a new area of research in economics, it is called Chemistreconomics. Chemistreconomics is using models and experiments from chemistry in economics. This new research field in economics can help to understand complex and dynamic economic phenomena from a Chemistry point of...

Do donor countries send more bilateral aid to recipients who are ethnically closer to them? This question is explored using a unique dataset on genetic distance which proxies for the time since two populations last shared a common ancestor. We control for conventional determinants of aid...

There is pressure from the developed world and indeed from within the under-developed/developing world to put in place IP regimes which are trade and investment friendly, and, primarily, based on western models of intellectual property rights, economic values and social organization. Pacific...

Since 1950s, most African nations have gained independence from their colonial powers. Fortunately, independence has brought many changes to these nations and these include multi-party democratic government and western education systems. Unfortunately, the Africa's economy is the least developed...