Indiscriminate violence against civilians has long been viewed as a catalyst for new rounds of violence in civil wars …. Can humanitarian assistance reduce violence after civilians have been harmed? Crossnational studies are pessimistic …, drawing a connection between humanitarian aid and increased civil war violence, lethality, and duration. To date, however, we …

development and provides considerable resources to reduce armed conflicts. However, other forms of violence, such as suicide … time, scholars in the field of public health have been arguing for putting selfdirected and interpersonal violence higher … and recipients have so far neither recognized self-directed nor interpersonal violence as a major development issue …